Unlike conventional processors, which process information with bits that take the value 0 or 1, a quantum processor uses qubits. Thanks to the principles of superposition and quantum entanglement, these qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing complex calculations to be performed at a speed far superior to that of traditional computers. These machines should enable major advances in fields such as cryptography, molecular simulation, and logistics optimization.
A duel at the top with Google and Microsoft
Researchers at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) have developed a truly remarkable Zuchongzhi-3. phenomenon. Compared to its predecessor, the Zuchongzhi-2, this new version pushes the boundaries even further. Its architecture is based on a grid of 105 qubits. In terms of precision, it's serious: a fidelity of 99.90% for single-qubit operations, 99.62% for two-qubit operations, and a correct reading rate of 99.13%. Precision is essential in quantum computing, as the slightest error can lead to inconsistent results due to the extreme sensitivity of qubits to external disturbances.
The scientists tested its power by performing a "random circuit sampling" task on 83 qubits and 32 cycles. Result: the Zuchongzhi-3 would have an advance of 15 orders of magnitude on the best classical algorithms. In short, a real feat in the field.
With this announcement, China is sending a clear message to the American giants. Google, pioneer of "quantum supremacy" in 2019 with its Sycamore processor (53 qubits), recently presented its Willow model (105 qubits). Its approach is based on error correction, making it possible to perform calculations in five minutes that would take several billion years to complete. a supercomputer.
Microsoft, for its part, is betting on a different path. Its Majorana 1 processor does not work with classical qubits but uses a topological superconductor for greater stability. Currently limited to 8 qubits, Microsoft hopes to eventually integrate several million qubits in a confined space.
For USTC, the objective is not only speed. The team is working on error correction with a system based on "surface code," a technique that could make quantum computing more reliable and usable on a large scale.
Despite Despite these impressive advances, we are still a long way from seeing quantum computers replace our PCs or boost cloud computing. Each company is exploring a different approach to overcome technical challenges: speed, error correction, stability... No one yet knows which will be the most effective in the long term.
USTC plans to further its research by improving error correction and increasing the integration capacity of qubits. In collaboration with several Chinese institutes, the goal is to optimize the manipulation of quantum data to one day make these machines usable by the general public.
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